The Greatest Sniper Is Chris Kyle - 1312 Words

Chris Kyle The world’s greatest sniper is Chris Kyle. Born in Texas, Chris was the best man anyone could ask for. Chris was a bull rider for the longest time. Later he joined the Navy Seals. He was the best sniper they had ever had with over 150 confirmed kills. Chris Kyle was and will always be the best sniper ever. Christopher Scott Kyle was raised in Texas and was a United States Navy SEAL from 1999 to 2009. He is at present known as the best marksman in American military history. As demonstrated by his book American Sniper, he had 160 avowed butchers (which was from 255 ensured homicides). An ensured butcher insinuates a shot where the round hits the target, however can t assert the homicide. Chris Kyle served as a Navy SEAL in 4 visits in the latest Iraq war. For his coarseness and military capacities, he was respected a rate of the most paramount recompenses in the US military diverse times including the Bronze and Silver Star. Whilst in Iraq, the fanatics called him the Devil of Ramadi and offered a wealth for his head. In a captivating turn, they demonstrated pictures of him around the area the plenitude anyway it was a photograph of another marksman! He was shot twice, and was incorporated in six IED ambushes . Chris anticipated that would settle on a decision on family life or the military. He had a little tyke that he didn t know outstandingly well as he was abroad dependably. This moreover put weight on his marriage, so he decided to leave the SEALS andShow MoreRelatedThe Greatest Sniper Is Chris Kyle1310 Words   |  6 PagesThe world’s greatest sniper is Chris Kyle. Born in Texas, Chris was the best man anyone could ask for. Chris was a bull rider for the longest time. Later he joined the Navy Seals. He was the best sniper they had ever had with over 150 confirmed kills. Chris Kyle was and will always be the best sniper ever. Christopher Scott Kyle was raised in Texas and was a United States Navy SEAL from 1999 to 2009. He is at present known as the best marksman in American military history. As demonstrated by hisRead MoreAmerican Sniper By Chris Kyle1435 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican Sniper was based off of a true story of Chris Kyle. Chris Kyle Joined the Navy Seals leaving his wife and kids to protect his country. Throughout the movie it shows how being faithful and perseverance plays a big role in the world we are living in. Based on the complexity and actions of the characters, imagery, symbolism and the angles the camera took, the movie, â€Å" American Sniper† illuminates and emcopasses a theme of Love and Perseverance. First of all, the movie â€Å"American Sniper† is aRead MoreChris Kyle : The Characteristics Of An Epic Hero871 Words   |  4 Pageswith his military career. That man is Chris Kyle who embodies almost all of the characteristics of an epic hero. He embodies the characteristics of an epic hero because he shows that he is an outstanding warrior, had to leave home and travel a vast setting to fight in Kuwait/Iraq, and he was recognized as a national hero at home with a most impressive decoration of medals. Chis Kyle was an outstanding warrior during his service time in Kuwait and Iraq. Chris Kyle always had the fight in him to do whateverRead MoreAmerican Sniper Essay1331 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Al-Shaitan† â€Å"The American Sniper† by Chris Kyle is an account of the deadliest American sniper ever, called â€Å"the devil† by the enemies he hunted and â€Å"the legend† by his Navy SEAL brothers. From 1999 to 2009, U.S. Navy SEAL Chris Kyle recorded the most career sniper kills in United States military history. The Pentagon has officially confirmed more than 150 of Kyles kills (the previous American record was 109). Iraqi insurgents feared Kyle so much they named him al-Shaitan (â€Å"the devil†) and placedRead MoreThe American Sniper By Chris Kyle1307 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å"Al-Shaitan† â€Å"The American Sniper† by Chris Kyle is an account of the deadliest American sniper ever. He was called â€Å"the devil† by the enemies he hunted and â€Å"the legend† by his Navy SEAL brothers. From 1999 to 2009, U.S. Navy SEAL Chris Kyle recorded the most career sniper kills in United States military history. The Pentagon has officially confirmed more than 150 of Kyle s kills (the previous American record was 109). Iraqi insurgents feared Kyle so much they named him Al-Shaitan meaningRead MoreThe Humanistic Theory Of Psychology1114 Words   |  5 Pagesfree will, a term coined personal agency. The second assumption is that humans, as a whole, are inherently good and want to better their world as well as themselves. (McLeod, Humanism) Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs can tell us a lot about why Chris Kyle’s personality developed the way it did. Maslow, a popular humanistic psychologist, developed his hierarchy of needs based on the assumptions above. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs was also developed as a result of his urge to know exactly what motivatedRead MoreThe Movie The Legend 1048 Words   |  5 PagesThis movie is about Chris Kyle, who is a dedicated Navy SEAL sniper. He is referred to as â€Å"The Legend† because he is one of the greatest, deadliest snipers and has killed dozens of people. American Sniper really shows the effect war has on a person and how Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder changed his life. Throughout his four tours in war, Chris was exposed to actual and threatened death. Which is one of the requirements to have PTSD. A lot of those situations where he experienced the actual or threatenedRead MoreChris Kyle And William James2022 Words   |  9 PagesChris Kyle and William James are both dedicated warriors that had spent hundreds of hours training for a war in a foreign country overseas. Both individuals enjoyed their work during training and craved to fight for their country, however they became addicted to the dangerous and exhilarating thrills of battle. Kyle had written about his journey from high school to becoming a Navy Seal in American Sniper using oxymorons, symbolism and emotional language from the perspective of himself, as well as

Not All Women Are For Children - 862 Words

Not all women are meant to have children. No two women will ever handle a situation the same, but they will all have the same ending. The reader is introduced to two very different individuals, although both were mothers. Tessie Hutchinson (The Lottery) and Hester (The Rocking-Horse Winner) were both from very average families. Both were married and had children. The difference was that Hester felt that children were forced upon her and felt that she could not love them, even though everyone that knew her thought she was a great mother. Nevertheless, when her children were present, she always felt the center of her heart go hard. (Kennedy Gioia 2013, 235). Tessie Hutchinson, on the other hand seemed to be a very good mother, and was even late for the drawing of the lottery. Her lateness was explained by herself to Mr. Summers by stating, Wouldn t have me leave m dishes in the sink, now would you, Joe? (Kennedy Gioia 2013, 252). Tessie was so caught up in doing her motherly chores she almost forgot the important day, until she went looking for her children. She even took time out to speak with other women prior to finding her family. This would make one think that Tessie is the better mother, but only time will tell. Isaiah 66:9 states, Shall I bring to the point of birth and not give delivery? says the LORD. Or shall I who gives delivery shut the womb? says your God. Christians understand, that due to unfortunate circumstances, not all women will haveShow MoreRelatedDomestic Violence And Its Effects On Children1694 Words   |  7 Pagesinvolves and affects all the family women in general including pregnant women, men, children, including children with special needs, adolescents, teenagers, and even the animals are abused by humans. There is no way to stop or control domestic violence. It involves physical abuse by both men and women, hitting with objects and even when you push someone is an act of violence or abuse, when you hit your child is an act of abus e. The most affected in the family are the children because they are tooRead MoreIs Partner Violence A Serious Social Problem? Essay1654 Words   |  7 PagesThe purpose of this book was to examine thirty-nine women whom survived abuse, leaving their abusive partner. The book shares the women’s stories of their years of suffering and pain and their efforts to escape to better their life for their dependent children and themselves. Sev’er’s research covers multiple types of abuse the women faced including physical, sexual, economic, spiritual, or psychological abuse. Additionally, the women share their children’s witnessing the abuse and discuss how theRead MoreThe Role Of Women During Post War Period1508 Words   |  7 PagesThe Role of Women During the post-war period women were getting more opportunities and freedoms within society, while at the same time getting more limitations. Using one’s maternal instinct was a concept that was heavily stressed during this period and made a big impact on their home life and work life. The Cold War was a time where women had a lot of responsibilities to both their family but also society. They were the caretakers and had an incredible amount of work to do in preparation of nuclearRead MoreDomestic Violence And The Long Run951 Words   |  4 PagesIn what ways does domestic violence affect not only women but children in the long run? Domestic violence is defined as violent or aggressive behavior, usually abuse involving a spouse. Domestic violence is a very dangerous act and has been occurring for decades. In most cases the abusers are men and the victims are women, being physically and emotionally abused. Physical abuse is an intentional act of causing injury to one, in other words â€Å"putting your hands on someone†. Emotional abuse is the actRead MoreIncarceration Is A Method Used By The United States Criminal Justice System1364 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to statistics, women represent 6.7% of inmates in federal prison. When thinking of women in prison, one s first thought may be, â€Å"What about the children?† In the United States, the numbers of incarcerated women are increasing, as well as the impact on the children. The United States not only consists of federal prisons and their inmates, but also consists of private facilities that hold U.S inmates. In the United States there are approximately 150,000 women in U.S prisons and jailsRead MoreWomen and Religion in the Greco-Roman Period1269 Words   |  6 PagesEssay #1 Christian women during the Greco-Roman period, according to the church fathers, were allowed few privileges. Women were thought of as being subordinate to men and therefore the men should have all the leadership roles, rights and responsibilities within the church, since they believed women were incapable of handling such a task. According to the newest Revised Standard translation, it was written â€Å"women should be silent in the churches. For they are not permitted to speak, but shouldRead MoreWomen Of The Renaissance By Margaret King1189 Words   |  5 PagesChiara Maddison Women in the Family: Daughters of Eve The purpose of the book Women of the Renaissance by Margaret King is to explain the various roles of that women occupied during the renaissance. She mainly focusses on women of western Europe between 1350 and 1650. In the chapter titled â€Å"Daughters of Eve: Women in the Family† King writes about the positions of women in the family. In the part of the chapter that we were assigned, she depicts the role of mother. She explains the importance havingRead MoreBritish Culture1572 Words   |  7 Pagesyou realise that you find a large amount of successful females at workplaces. You see quite a lot of women that have full-time work positions regardless of their ages. It is unusual for people from another cultures to see women taking roles in society. Perhaps due to their religious backgrounds which do not see women outside of the house favourably or simply difference in cultures in which women usually stay at home and taking charge of household chores. It is, however, found to b e quite differentRead MoreAmerican Women s Expectations During The 19th Century933 Words   |  4 Pages19th century began to rapidly change because of the evolution of industrialism. Women and their children were becoming the main workers for piece work. The cult of the â€Å"True Womanhood† brought the idea of piety, purity, domesticity, and submissiveness was a part of who they were and their lifestyles as middle-class women. It provided ongoing training with advice through the â€Å"Godey’s Magazine.† The working class women could not hold themselves to these standards for several reasons. IndustrializationRead MoreGender Discrimination Against Women During The Workplace1088 Words   |  5 PagesDiscrimination Against Women in the Workplace We have made a lot of strides for women in the workplace in the past couple of decades but the problem that still remains is discrimination. A women just wants to be treated like others in the workplace and not to be harassed, judged, looked down or might not be considered for the position because she is a women. According the Department of Labor Statistics 57% of women participate in the labor force, 70% of these women have children under the age of 18

Special Place free essay sample

As I walked into my old childhood house in Deer Park, all these memories came floating around me. I thought to myself what my life would be like if I was still living there. My Mom knew how scared I was about loosing her, so she made me one promise she promised not to break. She promised me as long as I lived she would never die. Little did I know that all promises can be broken. Right before my brothers ninth birthday, my mom passed away leaving not only me but my family in the cold. With her being the backbone of our family, we were all left crippled. Once everyone saw how we couldn’t recover, we were forced to separate into the warp-hole of the system. When put into Child Protective Services, your put into a lost hope with no coming out the same. I knew when my mother passed away that everything would go downhill from there. We will write a custom essay sample on Special Place or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I just wasn’t expecting it to go so fast. Life shows us many different lessons, many twists and turns, and dead ends. I know this is evident in my life because ever since I moved from my house in Deer Park, I’ve been shown that nothing is secure. When I was told that I to never latch on to a family because you never know what can happen. That was the only good advice I had received that proved to be true. From foster home to foster home, I learned not to depend on others to fulfill my happiness that it could only come from within. Even though I have moved over and over through the last seven years, I never expected to get the support from other families and the wisdom I have today. There was no way I could have kept going without the encouragement of these families that took me in and called me theirs. Being able to go back to my old house and still remember my childhood and still remember the smell my mothers’ homemade cheese enchiladas was nothing but a treasure to me. All the times we shared as a family that cannot die, or leave me. What I have learned from this experience is that not all things are going to come out as you plan. You just have to pick up the pieces from behind and work with what you got. Special Place free essay sample As I walked into my childhood house in Deer Park I was looking around at what once used to be my home. All these memories came floating around me. I thought to myself what my life would be like if I was still living there. My Mom knew how scared I was about loosing her; she even went as far as making me a promise that would make me feel less worried. Little did I know all promises can be broken. â€Å"Lauren, I know you’re scared, but I am promising you that I will not die, I am going to stay here with you forever. Ok?† my mother promised. I believed her. Right before my brothers ninth birthday, my mom passed away leaving not only me but my family in the cold. With her being the backbone of our family, we were all left crippled. Once everyone saw how we couldn’t recover, we were forced to separate into the warp-hole of the system. We will write a custom essay sample on Special Place or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When put into Child Protective Services, your put into a lost hope with no coming out the same. I knew when my mother passed away that everything would go downhill from there. I just wasn’t expecting it to go so fast. Life shows us many different lessons, many twists and turns, and dead ends. I know this is evident in my life because ever since I moved from my house in Deer Park, I’ve been shown that nothing is secure. My caseworker in charge of me came by my house to take me away from my father. When we drove off in the car on our way to a foster home, I looked back at my house and I knew everything was going to change. â€Å"One thing you need to know going into these homes, that anything can happen at any time. You can be taken away in just a blink of an eye. I just don’t want to see you latch on to a family and then you’re hurt even more than you are. So just be close, but just remember nothing is permanent.† That was the only good advice I had received that proved to be true. From foster home to foster home, I learned not to depend on others to fulfill my happiness that it could only come from within. Even though I have moved over and over through the last seven years, I never expected to get the support from other families and the wisdom I have today. Being able to go back to my old house and still remember my childhood and still remember the smell my mothers’ homemade cheese enchiladas was nothing but a treasure to me. All the times we shared as a family that cannot die, or leave me. What I have learned from this experience is that all things are not going to come out as you plan. You just have to pick up the pieces from behind and work with what you got. Special Place free essay sample There are so many beautiful and amazing places I have visited in my lifetime; however my home patio has a very special meaning to me. My patio is filled with lots of love and relaxation. I seem to get a god sense of thinking when Im out my patio. It gets me away from lot of unexpected obstacles that this world brings. Since Im buying my house I have a relaxing place that I can actually call my own. Good relaxation really does my body good after a long hard stressful day at work. My screened In patio Is located In my fenced In backyard.Sitting out on the patio I see all the great things that my backyard brings. My small but upcoming garden that is filled with carrot, squash, peas and onions is so colorful and eye catching. I tend to get dazed when I stare at my Olympic size in ground pool that is so bright and blue like water in the Caribbean island. We will write a custom essay sample on Special Place or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A lot of the time as I sit on my patio feeling the nice cool breeze of my ceiling fan going round and round I still cant believe Im a homeowner of such a beautiful house that offers so much.The sounds of birds chirping, my Yorker barking, wind chimes chiming, sipping on bitter dry red wine and the breeze of my ceiling fan while glazing Into a magnificent backyard is my definition of relaxation after a long day of work. My patio Is Like a man cave, however Im a woman so I call It a woman cave. Love Is all throughout my patio. I have many types of big, colorful and beautiful flowers I started collecting.All of the flowers that I have collected that are on my patio are lowers from some of my close deceased family members such as: grandmother, grandfather, and two baby brothers. The flowers that bring my patio such vibrant color is peace lilies which have green petals with a white flower coming out the center, crepe myrtle which are purple, white and pink, and red and pink roses. I have kept these flowers alive since their burial. Having these flowers symbolizes the love between me and my deceased love ones.I make sure to keep them watered and give hem the proper amount of sunlight to keep them look Justas bright and full of life as they were at the burial site I dont think that It is very common for many people to have a back yard patio as a very special place. For me It Is more than special. I have put a lot Into my patio to make it a place that I go to get away from everyone and everything. Relaxation and love are the two things that make my patio.

Web Dubois Essay Thesis Example For Students

Web Dubois Essay Thesis Booker Taliaferro Washington was the foremost black educator of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He also had a major influence on southern race relations and was the dominant figure in black public affairs from 1895 until his death in 1915. Born a slave on a small farm in the Virginia backcountry, he moved with his family after emancipation to work in the salt furnaces and coal mines of West Virginia. After a secondary education at Hampton Institute, he taught an upgraded school and experimented briefly with the study of law and the ministry, but a teaching position at Hampton decided his future career. In 1881 he founded Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute on the Hampton model in the Black Belt of Alabama. Though Washington offered little that was innovative in industrial education, which both northern philanthropic foundations and southern leaders were already promoting, he became its chief black exemplar and spokesman. In his advocacy of Tuskegee Institute and its educ ational method, Washington revealed the political adroitness and accommodationist philosophy that were to characterize his career in the wider arena of race leadership. He convinced southern white employers and governors that Tuskegee offered an education that would keep blacks down on the farm and in the trades. To prospective northern donors and particularly the new self- made millionaires such as Rockefeller and Carnegie he promised the inculcation of the Protestant work ethic. To blacks living within the limited horizons of the post- Reconstruction South, Washington held out industrial education as the means of escape from the web of sharecropping and debt and the achievement of attainable, petit-bourgeois goals of self-employment, landownership, and small business. Washington cultivated local white approval and secured a small state appropriation, but it was northern donations that made Tuskegee Institute by 1900 the best-supported black educational institution in the country. The Atlanta Compromise Address, delivered before the Cotton States Exposition in 1895, enlarged Washingtons influence into the arena of race relations and black leadership. Washington offered black acquiescence in disfranchisement and social segregation if whites would encourage black progress in economic and educational opportunity. Hailed as a sage by whites of both sections, Washington further consolidated his influence by his widely read autobiography Up From Slavery (1901), the founding of the National Negro Business League in 1900, his celebrated dinner at the White House in 1901, and control of patronage politics as chief black advisor to Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft. Washington kept his white following by conservative policies and moderate utterances, but he faced growing black and white liberal opposition in the Niagara Movement (1905-9) and the NAACP (1909-), groups demanding civil rights and encouraging protest in response to white aggressions suc h as lynchings, disfranchisement, and segregation laws. Washington successfully fended off these critics, often by underhanded means. At the same time, however, he tried to translate his own personal success into black advancement through secret sponsorship of civil rights suits, serving on the boards of Fisk and Howard universities, and directing philanthropic aid to these and other black colleges. His speaking tours and private persuasion tried to equalize public educational opportunities and to reduce racial violence. These efforts were generally unsuccessful, and the year of Washingtons death marked the beginning of the Great Migration from the rural South to the urban North. Washingtons racial philosophy, pragmatically adjusted to the limiting conditions of his own era, did not survive the changeWords/ Pages : 569 / 24 We will write a custom essay on Web Dubois Thesis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now

Chinese vs. American Diet Review Essay

Chinese vs. American Diet Review Essay Chinese Diet vs. American Diet Review Essay Chinese Diet vs. American Diet Review Essay Food, similarly to water and air, is believed to be one of the most significant things on the globe. One cannot exist without food; therefore, people of various regions esteem the diet to such an extent that they have created their own distinct diet cultures. People’s life standards are developing and changing every day together with economic progress. There are so many different meals in the world that people have an absolute freedom of choice. Everybody knows that the nutrition is one of the major physical requirements, and it has the central status in the life of each person. Practically every country in the world demonstrates extensive cultural background which has gone through a long history, experienced numerous alterations, and finally, formulated its current set of the cultural system. This paper will demonstrate the tremendous differences between the Chinese and American diets. The Comparison of Chinese and American Diets Diet is a cultural acquisition which is handed down from generation to generation in different states of the world. The majority of countries and nations developed their own specific and distinctive peculiarities regarding diets which appear to be highly consistent. The traditional Chinese food is characterized by decreased or moderate quantities of animal-based protein and a multitude of plant-based foods. The Chinese diet is one among numerous traditional food styles which has obtained commendation for its disease-combating capacities. The Chinese cooking is more than merely a tasty and splendid manner of preparing a meal, as it utilizes food as a therapy to balance the body during the seasons. Strategical mixtures of spices and flavors redound to the healthy and tasty characteristics of this diet. The traditional Chinese cuisine utilizes vegetables that have been gently steamed or stir fried with such sources of carbohydrates as rice, noodle soups or dumplings. Fish and meat are a lso important constituents of the Chinese traditional food but they are consumed in much smaller quantities as compared to the typical American diet. American cooking styles demonstrate a tendency to utilize spices in order to obtain flavor increment while Chinese cooking styles add spices, especially garlic and ginger, as an aid to digestion. It is important to mention that green tea, which is widely known for its antioxidant characteristics, is a prominent feature of the Chinese diet. Roughly saying, the American meals are the Chinese food reflected in a carnival mirror. All Chinese diet characteristics can be read backward. The American food is associated with red meat and other fatty foods while fruits, vegetables, and whole grains are consumed in rather limited amounts. Thus, this diet is featured by fat, calories, cholesterol, sugar, and salt. Moreover, the American cuisine is critically short on dietary fiber and numerous significant nutrients together with plant-grounded substances (known as phytochemicals) which assist in protecting the heart from cancer. It becomes obvious that Chinese and American food patterns are entirely opposite. There are several reasons which cause such discrepancies. Firstly, the diet concepts are different in these two countries. The Chinese concentrate on the sense of food which incorporates the shape, flavor, and taste of the meal. On the other hand, the major concept of the American diet concerns rationality. The U.S. culture is highly interested in the nutrition which makes the diet very simplified. The Americans are not interested in stewing food for a long time or process it in a complicated manner. Due to the fact that the pace of life is fast in their culture, people have a tendency to simplify everything. The shape and the overall look of fast meals satisfy all requirements of the Americans. Its comfort and easement correspond to the high effectiveness of this developed country. Secondly, the histories of both countries are extremely different. There is a saying in China which can be translated as â€Å"food is the first necessity of the people†. The history shows that the level of productivity was comparatively low in China, which was the reason why a lot of people were hungry. Thus, the Chinese regard food as one of the most significant things. Eating is a specific form of pleasure and delight for the Chinese. On the contrary, the U.S. is a developed country which has solid and concrete food industry. The Americans do not regard food as something special, and that is why fast food and cans are so popular there. People in the U.S. think about food only when they are hungry, and they do not convert a typical dinner into a whole ceremony. Therefore, different lifestyles and cultures cause numerous serious differences between the Chinese and American diets. Firstly, the Americans prefer eating several meals during a day, while the Chinese are accustomed to eating only three meals a day. The Americans eat when they feel hungry, and they typically do not interrupt the activity they are involved in. Food helps the Americans to stay active and not to get distracted from their business. The Chinese are more traditional in this matter that is why they prefer to eat only three times a day. Moreover, Chinese people are extremely traditional in accordance with cooking patterns. They are supposed to take into account three major essentials of a meal including flavor, color, and taste. Thus, each Chinese meal should look like a piece of art being delicious and attractive. It is obvious that currently, the Chinese do not have possibility to dedicate so much time to diet and cook more than three times a day. Secondly, Chinese people are accustomed to purchasing fresh food each day. They are interested in being healthy and understand that the major purpose of food is to make them strong and healthy. On the other hand, the Americans have a tendency of buying food once for the whole week. Thus, they purchase food which can be easily stored in the refrigerator, and afterward eat processed food. Such semi-meals are harmful to health, as they incorporate a lot of preservatives and pigments. Nevertheless, the Americans are used to a simplified lifestyle, and it helps them to do everything quickly and without taking unnecessary steps. Thirdly, Chinese families like to celebrate festivals and national holidays in a traditional manner which make them prepare a lot of dishes in order to entertain guests. On the contrary, the Americans do not have a tendency to cook various meals when having guests or celebrating a holiday. It is common for visitors to bring some homemade cakes or pies in order to surprise and amuse hosts. Fourthly, Chinese people adore vegetables, and they even utilize vegetable oil, like soybean oil, in the process of food preparing. Generally speaking, the Chinese eat much more fresh vegetables and fruits than the Americans who prefer animal fats (butter). Thus, it becomes obvious that the Americans consume much protein, but their stomach functioning is severely impacted due to the shortage of cellulose in the organism. On the other hand, the Chinese are known for eating the viscera of animals, including the livers, intestines, lungs, etc. The Americans do not have such eating habit. The viscus of animals contains a huge quantity of cholesterol which is harmful and hazardous to health. Fifthly, Chinese people are accustomed to eating sweet food or fruits after the meals, while the Americans prefer to consume something sweet before the meal or when waiting for the meal to prepare. Nevertheless, the majority of nutritionists believe that it is more beneficial and healthy to consume fruits prior to taking a major meal. Finally, Chinese people are accustomed to eating prepared and cooked food. They dedicate a lot of time to this process and attempt not to skip main meals. On the contrary, the Americans are used to quick lifestyles, thus, they select fast preprocessed or absolutely raw food. The latter one is considered as more nutritious than the cooked or especially fast food. The paper vividly demonstrates that American and Chinese diet cultures are highly discrepant. The major reasons why these two cuisines are so different concern the people’s attitude towards the food. Chinese people consider food as the center of a mini banquet. They prefer to eat together in a family circle, advising and offering each other different dishes and drinks. Each of their meals is a little masterpiece. They enjoy tasting delicious food while communicating with each other in a harmonious setting. In contrast to China, the Americans are highly active and busy. Their diet helps them to stay energized and continue their work. They do not have a tendency to dedicate a lot of time to preparing a meal, thus, they buy and eat preprocessed food which saves their time. In their view, time is more important than health. Chinese diet culture demonstrates great consistency and continuity concerning the cultural tradition which has been handed down from generation to generation. Thus, the paper obviously depicts that the differences in patterns, concepts, nature and attribution reflect the discrepant dietary cultures in China and the U.S.

50 Topics for Impromptu Student Speeches

50 Topics for Impromptu Student Speeches For the many people who break out in a sweat at the very idea of speaking in front of an audience, the prospect of speaking on an unknown topic with little to no preparation is likely terrifying. But you dont have to be afraid of impromptu speeches. As it turns out, the secret even to off-the-cuff speeches is preparation. Impromptu Speech Tips Decide on your topicCome up with three supportive statements related to your topicPrepare a strong conclusion Use this list of impromptu speech topics to practice making a quick speech outline in your head. For each of the topics below, just think of three main points youd like to make. For example, if your speech topic is Your least favorite chores, you could quickly come up with three statements: I dont know anybody who likes to fold laundry, so the first task on my list of unhappy chores is folding laundry.Taking out the trash is another chore that most people dread, and Im no different.The worst chore in the entire household has to be cleaning the toilet. If you go into your speech with these statements in your head, you can spend the rest of your time thinking up supporting statements as you speak. When youve identified your three main points, think of a great finishing statement. If you end with a great closer, youll really impress your audience. Start Practicing With This List My three favorite animals.What you would find in my closet. Make something up.What youd find under my bed.The best letter of the alphabet.Why your mom/dad is special.A day that stands out.The best surprise ever.I lost it!If I had a million dollars to give away.If cats/dogs ruled the world.A trip to remember.My favorite day of the year.If I could only eat three foods forever.If I could design a school.Why books are important.Three surprising facts about me.How to impress your parents.How to plan a party.A job Id love to have.A day in my life.If I could have dinner with anyone.If I could travel through time.My favorite book.An important lesson Ive learned.What Ive learned from cartoons.The smartest cartoon character.Three things Id change if I ruled the world.Why sports are important.The worst chores at home.Why I deserve an allowance.If I were in charge of school lunches.If I had invented school.The best theme park rides.Whom do you admire most?What is your favorite animal?How to achi eve your dreams. Why you need a baby brother.How to annoy an older sister.How to save money.Three things that scare me.Great things about snow days.Things you can make out of snow.How to spend a rainy day.How to walk a dog.Great things about the ocean.Things Ill never eat.How to be a slacker.Why I like my town.The best parts of a parade.Interesting things you see in the sky.Things to remember when youre camping.An experience with a bully.

Compare the yoga system prescribed in the Yoga Sutra to that Essay

Compare the yoga system prescribed in the Yoga Sutra to that prescribed in the Yogavasistha - Essay Example On the other hand, Yoga Vasistha allows an individual to dismiss delusions tied to life that it is just an ordinary event, even in the supreme state. This form of Yoga also indicates that falling of the body cannot lead to failure of the Self (Venkatesananda, 88). Vasistha is quoted to welcome all vagrants that have not found the right path by allowing them to come to terms with the truth through Yoga. Unlike in Yoga Sutra that mostly focuses on identifying the truth, Yoga Vasistha lets the minds inquire about the Self through a person’s consciousness. In this sense, the individual disbands concepts in his/her own perception. However, the individual undergoes a process of spiritual search in both forms of Yoga, in order to come to a certain state of consciousness. The sole aim of both forms of Yoga is to reach a balanced state of mind that would allow an individual to discern the meaning of various

Dreyfus Affair Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Dreyfus Affair - Case Study Example The Dreyfus Affair was able to generate major impact on the French Jewry activities; the affair had deep impact on the Jewish people, and is responsible for the introduction of drastic changes in the approach, understanding, behavior, aptitude and lifestyle of the Jewish community. The ambition behind the achievement of the success was to make the French Jewry realize that it was a legitimate and non-offensive practice to portray as Jew in another to support the associates of other community. The researchers have proved that the modern French Jewish organizations have their association with the central group of people who were staunch supporters of Dreyfus. 'The Affair rapidly became a matter of opinion, a polemical debate, dominated by a class consciousness' (Forth, 2006). It proved that the injustice done to the individuals went reported, and was extremely blatant, offensive and immoral. The political implications of the Dreyfus Affairs has been that it was responsible for the change of government, and the newly formed government ceased their activities and restricted their involvement in 'military, clerical and extreme nationalist coalition in the Dreyfus Affair, a law separating Church and State'. The Affair was responsible for the development of Anti-Semi tism, such forces took over the stage and the individuals did not acknowledge the provisions for the equal status of Jews, and protested against their freedom and provisions for human rights in their favor, the group of individuals was driven by 'those driven by a vengeful patriotism' (George, 1899). 'Moreover, the anti-Semitism took on its contemporary form; the group highlighted the linkages and affiliation of the Jews with finance, and international power. The first signs of Vichy France could already be detected, both in the anti- Semitic press and such movements were responsible for the union of the people who shared supported and were believer of anti-Jewish stance. They simply required official status. In this sense, the Dreyfus Affair can be considered to be the precursor of a twentieth century which would be even darker for the Jews' (Forth, 2006). The emancipation of Jews was visible; therefore the event is regarded as the source for the revelation of Jew's precariousness. 'First and foremost, it proved that assimilation was simply an illusion which had lasted one century', the idea was concluded and supported by the Bernard Lazare , who is considered to be the greatest protagonists of assimilation. It was realized that anti-Semitism is a permanent phenomenon, 'and that the only salvation for the Jews lay in a national solution'. Herzl, another advocate of assimilation, forwarded that the affair was responsible for awakened 'an old dream of the Jewish people, sparking off what was to be the greatest revolution in modern Judaism: Zionism'. 'The Dreyfus Affair was therefore initiator of two events i.e. the Shoah and Zionism, both the events were responsible for the transformation of the Jewish society and believers in terms of their demographic, geographic, and cultural affiliations and linkages. The Dreyfus Affair influenced and changed the future of Jewish people. The issue received due focus and attention of the local population, and concerns were e xpressed by the International government. The Affair 'acquired a polemical nature dominated by a class consciousness' (Littman, 2005). The Dreyfus

Giant Pool of Money Essay Example for Free

Giant Pool of Money Essay The house prices were on the rise and many traditional home owners attempted their dreams of becoming a real estate tycoon. Although some buyers might have lived through the recessions in the 70’s, they never experienced it as a consumer and so only seeing housing prices go higher and higher, the idea of owning a home for the long run was embedded as a sure money maker. The last recession was more than 40 years ago and people don’t remember it because all of them were yet to be born or they were just too young. This is the case with all of the players in The Giant Pool of Money. Jim Finkel, Rachard the marine, Clarence Nathan, Adam Davidson, Ceyla Pazarbasioglu, Mike Francis, Mike Gardner, Glen Pizzolorusso, and Tonko Gast. I can’t blame any of them for falling in to Availability Bias because I too fell for it. Luckily, I bought a house that I could afford, unfortunately many of my neighbors did not. I was born in 1978 and this was my first opportunity of making a large investment for myself. Because I was bit weary, I asked a lot older mentors and family members if I should buy a home and not a single person said no. All of my friends had houses 2000sq ft or bigger houses for themselves! I couldn’t think of one reason why I shouldn’t buy a house and I’m sure many Americans felt the same and I was amazed how easy the entire process was! Like Richard the marine, I had the ability to lock in a 30 year fixed Veterans Administration loan but my lender opted for the interest only mortgage. Biases due to the irretrievability of instances also came in to play when asking, why throw money away when you can buy? It’s common knowledge to anyone that buying is always better than renting however, there are instances where renting can be more advantageous. People like Mike Garner that worked at mortgage banks were in a race to make the most deals against other lenders who were doing the exact same thing. Interesting enough, Mike stated that his boss hated the loans that they were dealing but he couldn’t do anything about it because â€Å"Other people are offering it†. His boss had been in the business for 25 years and everyone was making money. Glen Pizzolorusso, a sales manager like Mike Garner was making more money than he knew what to do with it so he did what everyone else did, buy houses! The second bias I’d like to look at is insensitivity to prior probability which is conveyed in the paragraph above. People tend to think of real estate investment as a solid investment like the people that had their piece in the pool of money and everyone involved. People are always going to resort to buying a real estate property versus renting if given the choice. It is perfectly reasonable to predict that house prices will rise in the future. I don’t think many people will ask themselves â€Å"how likely would this house devalue by threefold in next couple of years? † or much more modest â€Å"how likely would house prices fall next couple of years? † Prior availability of data available suggest that the chances are very slim. It seems like it was a perfect storm brewing with all the right elements that caused this bias. People with money to invest felt it was the right move since federal funds were at record low interest levels and there were significant growth in the housing sector. The bank workers such as Mike Francis simply satisfied the investors without knowing the outcome and with the initial success, the need of further investigating disappeared. One recommendation I have to prevent availability bias and insensitivity to prior probability, I would say is to carefully examine past history. We all know that last recession was in 1970’s but most people only know as the recession caused by the oil crisis but looking much more in depth, we all know that it was just more than oil crisis that resulted in the recession. Likewise, people are going to talk about the recession in 2000’s as greedy home owners trying to make money on houses that they couldn’t afford but we know that wasn’t the cause. There is more to the story then the headline and people need to investigate and look at all the possible outcomes. These two biases make it difficult to examine some of the outcomes and it’s everyone’s responsibility to look at all of the possible outcomes even if the chances are very small. We cannot point the finger at just one person in the story of Giant Pool of Money.

Essay --

The purpose that this paper serves is to analyze and incorporate the conclusions of four articles and examine the link between extracurricular activities and self-esteem in adolescents. The article is broken into four separate sections. First, the definitions of both the independent variable and the dependent variable will be identified and the hypothesis will be stated. Next, the findings from the four articles will be thoroughly summarized. Third, the findings from the articles will be incorporated into the paper with potential sources for the results. Lastly, the strengths, limitations, and recommendations for possible research in the future of each article will be offered. Following the paper I will present my personal reflection of the research and transcription of this paper. The independent variable is the involvement in extracurricular activities and the dependent variable is the self-perception. Kort-Butler, and Hagewen (2010) examined the relationship between the involvement in extracurricular activities of adolescents and self-esteem in early adulthood. The study included 3 times with roughly 1-2 years between times 1 and 2, and 5-6 years between times 2 and 3 each. After all three trials the sample consisted of 5,399 individuals (47.8% male). During the first time period the mean age was 15.47 years old, while the age during the final time was roughly 26 years old. With 5,399 individuals with 3 visits each, there were a total of 16,197 visits. They studied the effects of linear age on self-esteem. This was assessed by the response of each individual to 4 questions. The same 4 questions were given at each of the three time periods. School-based extracurricular involvement was assessed by a questionnaire during t... ... events or extracurricular activities that are being assessed. I learned a great deal about research and writing during this paper. Being thorough in your research is key. Researchers use many different titles for the same topic and you may not find an article that would be perfect for your paper if you don’t type in all of the different potential key words. I also learned a lot about gender differences with regard to the topic. Boys and girls have very different views about what factors contribute to their self-perception. Lastly, the results sections in these articles were quite confusing and could easily be misread. It is important to carefully read and reread each section. These articles taught me that it is important that adolescent children are involved in sports or extracurricular activities in order to provide them with a better perception of themself.

Basic Manufacturing Cost Categories Essay

The term direct labor is reserved for those labor costs that can be essentially traced to individual units of products. Direct labor is sometime called touch labor, since direct labor workers typically touch the product while it is being made. Manufacturing Overhead Cost: Manufacturing overhead, the third element of manufacturing cost, includes all costs of manufacturing except direct material and direct labor. Enumerate and define the different classifications of costs On the basis of Nature or Elements: One of the important classification cost is on the basis of nature or elements. Based on elements, it is classified into Material Cost, Labour Cost and Other Expenses. They can be further subdivided into Direct and Indirect Material Cost, Direct and Indirect Labour Cost and Direct and Indirect Other Expenses. 2) On the basis of Function: The classification of costs on the basis of the various functions of a concern is known as function-wise classification. Here, there are four important functional divisions in the business organization. Viz. (a) Production Cost (b) Administration Cost (c) Selling Cost and (d) Distribution Cost. 3) On the basis of Variability: On the basis of variability with the volume of production cost is classified into Fixed Cost, Variable Cost and Semi Variable Cost. Fixed Costs are those costs which remain constant with the volume of production. Rent and rates of office and factory building are some example of fixed cost. Variable costs are those costs incurred directly with the volume of output. For example, cost of materials and wages to workers are the expenses chargeable with direct proportion to the volume of production. Semi-Variable Costs are those costs incurred partly fixed and partly variable, with the volume of production. Accordingly, it has both fixed and variable features. For example, depreciations and maintenance cost of plant and machinery. 4) On the basis of Normality: Costs are classified into normal costs and abnormal costs on the basis of normality features. Normal costs are those incurred normally within the target output or fixed plan. 5) On the basis of Controllability and Decision Making: Based on the managerial decision making and controllability the classifications are as follows: (a) Controllable Cost, (b) Uncontrollable Cost, (c) Sunk Cost, (d) Opportunity Cost, (e) Replacement Cost, (f) Conversion Cost. a) Controllable Costs: Controllable Costs are the costs which can be influenced by the action of a specified number of an undertaking. Controllable Costs incurred in a particular responsibility centre which is influenced by the action of the executive heading. For example, direct materials and indirect materials. b) Uncontrollable Costs: Uncontrollable Costs are those costs which cannot be influenced by the action of a specified number of an undertaking. In fact, no cost is controllable; it is only in relation to a particular individual that may specify a particular cost to either controllable or non-controllable. For example, rent and rates. c) Sunk cost: These are historical costs which were incurred in the past and are not relevant to the particular decision making problem being considered. While considering the replacement of a plant, the depreciated book-value of the old asset is irrelevant as the amount is a sunk cost which is to be written-off at the time of replacement. Unlike incremental or decremental costs, sunk costs are not affected by increase or decrease of volume. Examples of sunk cost include dedicated fixed assets, development cost already incurred. d) Opportunity Cost: Opportunity cost means the cost of forgoing or giving up an opportunity. It is the notional value of going without the next best use of time, effort and money. These indicate the income or potential benefits sacrificed because a certain course of action has been taken. An example of opportunity costs is the market value forgone or sacrificed when an old machine is being used. e) Replacement Cost: Such expenses may be incurred due to factors like change in method of production, an addition or alteration in the factory building, change in flow of production etc. All such expenses are treated as production overheads; when amount of such expenses is large, it may be spread over a period of time. f) Conversion Cost: Conversion costs are those costs which are incurred while converting materials into semi-finished or finished goods. It is the aggregate of direct wages, direct expenses and overhead costs of converting raw materials into finished products. Differentiate variable and fixed cost Fixed costs are costs which remain constant within a certain level of output or sales. This certain limit where fixed costs remain constant regardless of the level of activity is called relevant range. Variable costs are costs which change with a change in the level of activity. Examples include direct materials, direct labor, etc.

All Quiet on the Western Front Essay Essay

A soldier must have the mentality of, â€Å"I must kill or I’ll be killed† or they will surely perish. Taking this idea to heart can be a very moralistic test that most people can’t handle. All Quiet on the Western Front is one of the greatest war novels ever written because of its exposing graphic depiction of war. In the short note before Chapter One, Remarque lets the reader know exactly what themes he intends. War is savage, unjustified and unnatural. He intends to explain why the war was responsible for the destruction of an entire generation. Remarque is very clear on the strength of his themes, and uses graphic imagery to show the reader the physical and psychological impact that war has on a person. War brings about hardship, pain and suffering to all involved. It is the battle of two sides made of young men; many of them do not understand what they are fighting for or who they are fighting. Remarque’s novel All Quiet on the Western Front helps portray the image of war and idea of warfare in a pretty gruesome way. He also made his point through the physical deterioration, but mostly through mental and emotional destruction of Paul Baumer and his comrades. In the novel, Remarque does a flawless job conveying the horrible misfortunes of war. Through the eyes of Paul Baumer, a story is told of hopelessness and desperation on the German front lines of WWI. As Baumer and his comrades experience starvation and injury among other hardships, the reader begins to comprehend how tragic war is. They experienced things that can and will traumatize most human beings. â€Å"It’s unendurable. It is the moaning of the world, it is the martyred creation, wild with anguish, filled with terror, and groaning. Ch. 4, p. 62. This scene was the most graphic and horrendous part of the book. It really exemplified the tragedy of war. Detering was very disturbed by this because he’s a farmer. He believed that the horses have innocent souls and that they’re beautiful and should never have been involved. Detering has a special place for animals in his heart so much so that he’d risk his life to find them and put them out of their misery. Remarque knew that war changes people mentally and emotionally, more often than physically. It is very possible that he himself was damaged mentally and emotionally through his service in WWI. â€Å"We have lost all feeling for one another. We can hardly control ourselves when our hunted glance lights on the form of some other man. We are insensible, dead men, who through some trick, some dreadful magic, are still able to run and to kill. † Ch. 6, p. 115. This quote embodies the thesis that Remarque was portraying in this novel. It explains how the soldiers notice their mental and emotional corrosion caused by the horrific things they have witnessed and committed during the war. They can’t really understand why they are still able to fight, but they know that they can’t stop under any circumstances. Soldiers are forced to adopt the dominating mindset of â€Å"kill or be killed. † Remarque realized that when this embracement happens it’s just a matter of time before they become â€Å"dead men. † During WW1 men between the ages of 18 and 30 had to enter the military draft. This meant that post teens would be fighting for their country and risking their lives, while all they knew was school and the safety of their own homes. The protagonist in Paul Baumer was only 19 years old in the novel and he frequently thought about girls and liked to drink a lot. In many ways, Paul is ordinary, and that’s why it’s so easy to relate to him. We see ourselves in Paul, and because of that, the war he suffers through seems all more horrible to us. This age group during WW1 was a damaged and broken generation. They fought for the principle of hatred and the dream of going back home to their families. â€Å"We are none of us more than twenty years old. But young? That is long ago. We are old folk. Ch. 1 Pg. 18 The war has altered these boys; it has turned them into matured old men. Remarque was just solidifying the idea of the bad effects that war can have on a person. These boys are just out of school and most of them have probably experienced some sort of traumatic stress, which can permanently damage someone beyond repair. War affects everyone and everything it gets its hands on. It turns innocent boys i nto murderous men right before your eyes. It obliterates generations and makes millions suffer through the benefit of no one. Erich Remarque was a German war veteran and experienced firsthand the atrocity that warfare can bring. All Quite on the Western Front symbolizes war exactly. It portrays the horribleness of war through the German soldiers; Baumer and his companions. Remarque has them killed, brutally injured and mentally destroyed, all to prove how terrible war can truly be. Through this novel we can truly go back and see the experiences of WW1 soldiers and how the war changed them in every way possible, as a result All Quite on the Western Front is considered one of the best war novels ever written.

How To Become a Straight-A Student Without Struggling Too Much

How To Become a Straight-A Student Without Struggling Too Much How to become a straight-A student? How to effectively manage time and succeed in studying without being chained to a library? A lot of students ask these questions. However, not many of them actually manage to not only find answers but also transfer knowledge from theory to practice. High grades open many doors and provide great opportunities. Getting straight As is all about hard work, discipline, and perseverance. But there are some lifehacks that will help you to improve your studying process on your way to higher grades. Check out the best tips on how to score high while studying and maintain your social life we gathered for you. Manage Your Time The most effective way to start getting higher scores is organizing your studying process. Scheduling your time may seem tough at first, but it will definitely pay off. The first thing you need to understand is that quality matters more than quantity. Thats why being focused while studying is the key to save time and get better results. Set up a rule to turn off your TV, phone and exclude any other distracting factors when studying. Seems too boring? Maybe. But you will notice, that time you spend on one assignment will be drastically reduced because of this simple but effective practice. The Pareto Principle Youve probably heard about â€Å"80/20† rule or the Pareto principle. It states that 80% of effects come from 20% of causes. How can you use this rule in your time management? Basically, keep focused and devoted while studying instead of distracting on entertainments. Studying without distractions for one hour equals 3 hours of studying with side activities. It will increase your productivity during studying time and help you reach better results while spending less time. Get Organized with Online Tools There are a bunch of online tools and applications for organizing your studying process in high school or college. For example, there are many apps which allow you to use online schedules and notes, folders, journals, and stickers. It seems like an unnecessary waste of money, but they actually help. Design your own sorting system that will be suitable and convenient to use. Keep all your lecture notes in one folder and all of your assignments in another folder. Keep track of the due dates and mark them in your calendar – digital or daily planner. This way, you will be able to see the amount of work and deadlines which will help you to manage your time. Check your planner every day and make notes if needed. Setting goals or mini tasks for a day and check daily accomplishments in the evening is also a powerful tactic. Tips from a real straight-A student: Dont forget to set reminders at your desktop for the most urgent tasks. This way, you can focus on the assignments with upcoming deadlines and effectively manage your time. Form a Group to Study Together One of the most typical study techniques is studying in a group. Facing difficulties while doing your homework is not a rare thing. Thats why its great to have someone who can explain you something you havent caught in class. Solving occurred troubles is much easier when you have someone to hold your back. Studying in a group is very helpful for unorganized students. It helps to: overcome laziness boost motivation get good grades get in the right mood for a study session Gather your classmates for doing homework together. You can meet at someones home or a cafà ©, online chat or video call. The best ideas usually reveal in discussions. Take into consideration: Studying in groups is not for anyone. You should try this method to make your own opinion about it. Some students feel their productivity decreases in a group, and its easier for them to focus when theyre alone. Find out if you are one of them. Dont Let Studying Stress You Out Many students face this common trouble – stress. It causes health problems and makes studying even harder. If you want to succeed and become the top of the class, its essential not to let stress manage your life. Coping with anxiety is not the easiest thing to do, especially during the end of semester and finals. Thats why we prepared some tips for reducing stress while studying or taking exams. Alternate Studying and Rest Common and still ignored advice is having an 8-hour sleep. Its crucial for your body and brain to have rest after a productive day and intense mental work. Many students prefer to party and sleep from 4 to 5 hours, which leads to poor productivity, reduced focus, and sleepiness. Moreover, it also leads to weakening of the immune system, and one feels sick all the time. This isnt the best way to become a top student, right? Have a good rest and let your brain rest too. The relaxation techniques you should try are: yoga and meditation massage listening to calming music aromatherapy As long as you keep your body healthy and your brain clear and sharp– you can succeed and focus on your studying. Stop Procrastinating Do you tend to postpone writing an essay or exam preparation? This makes things even it worse. Being in a rush because of upcoming deadlines causes much more stress and anxiety. Thats why keeping your assignments piling up is not the best decision. Solution: Try to complete one small task every day and break large assignments into small pieces and complete them one-by-one. You will see how profitable it is to understand that you have a lot of time ahead till your due date and half-done work already. Plan beforehand and track all of your incomplete tasks to make sure you dont miss any critical date or assignment. After you adopt these study habits, you will see that stress goes away. 3 Ps You might have heard about Cal Newport and his blog with brilliant tips for better studying. He successfully wrote book series about his career and student life, which you can deservedly add to your motivational books list. One of his brilliant tips is the 3 P approach which you should use when feeling like your brain took a vacation during quizzes and exams. It helps to keep away from anxiety and includes three steps: Planning Proceeding Proofreading Planning The first thing you do when you receive your tasks is flipping through them. Make a quick plan of answering order, starting with easier questions. Plan your time and make quick notes of the key points of your answers. Proceeding The next step is proceeding answering questions starting with the easiest ones. This way, you will reduce the pressure and manage your time wisely, leaving enough time to think on other subjects. It also helps to clear your head and find the right answer. Proofreading The last step is proofreading, and it takes about ten minutes. Correct any mistakes and attentively reread your answers. Wrapping Up Sleep well, manage your time and keep your head up. Dont forget that high grades are not the main thing in your life. Keeping a balance in your life is essential. Consider that knowledge you get is much more important than your grades. Dont sacrifice your social communication and health in order to get straight As.

Mark Dawson Shares His Secret Facebook Ads Strategy

Mark Dawson Shares His Secret Facebook Ads Strategy Facebook Ads for Authors (with Mark Dawson) Last updated: 04/11/2018Most authors in the self-publishing game will know Mark Dawson’s name. As the author of the highly successful John Milton thrillers, Mark has become one of the most successful indie novelists working today - in large part thanks to his keen understanding of book marketing and Facebook Advertising in particular.Based on an interview with Reedsy (that you can watch below), this post will show you how Mark has used Facebook ads as a tool to build his career as a novelist (as well as his mailing list) - and how you can do the same. What is Facebook Advertising?Facebook Advertising is the core business of the world’s most popular social network. Mark Zuckerberg doesn’t make any money when you post pictures of your cat. He does, however, make a fortune allowing advertisers to target audiences in a very focused way, thanks to the enormous amount of data they have on their users.How can authors best use Facebook Ads?At the most basic level, authors can use Facebook ads to find readers who have an interest in books similar to theirs. Finding and leveraging comparable authors has long been at the center of Mark’s strategy.â€Å"My books are often compared in their genre to Lee Child, so one of the things that I do on Facebook is to serve ads just to people who know or like Lee Child - fans of his fan page, fans of the Jack Reacher fan page, and so on.â€Å"You want to find a similar author in your genre like that who you can use to make sure that your ads are shown to people who are likely to like your books.†One of the benefits of using Facebook ads is the ability to test audience sets. For as little as $5 a day, you can deliver your ads to different ‘sets’ of audiences so you can see whether your ad appeals more to readers of Robin Hobb or Terry Brooks; to followers of Tony Robbins, or Gary Vaynerchuk. â€Å"I can typically make most days a 100% return on investment (ROI). I’m spending around $300-$350 in Facebook ads every day, and I make around $600-$700 a day from it.†Naturally, your ability to continually reach new readers this way is limited by the size of the audience your targeting.â€Å"There are some authors in other genres - romance is particularly good for this, as it is for just about everything else - who are also encountering huge success with this. There’s one author in particular who was selling $200 worth of her box set every month, and last month sold $1500. Obviously, you’ve got to invest in the ads, but she is making a 500% ROI: pay $1 get $5.†But beyond creating a simple ad that urges readers to buy your product, Mark uses a couple of ‘intermediate’ techniques for boosting direct sales with Facebook ads:1. Generate a ‘lookalike’ audienceâ€Å"For those who don’t know what one is, you can im port your mailing list into Facebook and then tell them: ‘please, generate a lookalike audience based on this mailing list.’ Facebook will then try to assess what the people have in common in your mailing list, and algorithmically search for people matching the same interests, demographics, etc.â€Å"The results of these ‘lookalike’ campaigns are sometimes better than the ones based on audiences with a shared interest. My best sales ad for one of the boxed sets I have on sale is a 2.2M list of people based in the United States defined as a ‘lookalike’ of my mailing list. I optimize the ads for clicks and typically generate a 50-100% ROI every day.†2. Advertise to people on your mailing listOne thing that Facebook allows you to do is to import the email addresses from your mailing list and match these email addresses with Facebook accounts (provided that these people have one). You can then serve ads to these people as well.â€Å"Some pe ople might ask why I’m saying the same thing twice. ‘You’re already sending them an email asking them to buy the book.’â€Å"Well, not all emails are opened (50% is already a very high open rate), and it’s a standard advertising theory that it takes more than one touch for someone to make a buying decision. So that kind of joined-up campaign is going to be more effective than just an email blast or just a Facebook campaign.Some marketers reckon that ‘effective frequency’ - or number of times a customer has to see an advertising message for it to take hold - can be as high as 10 (or more). So instead of emailing subscribers ten times and getting dumped in the spam folder, you can ensure that your book rises to the top of their mind.†These are some of the techniques Mark has used to become a publishing titan - but their execution requires a bit of finesse and self-education. You can join the waiting list for Mark Dawson’s Advertising for Authors, a paid course that is the best on offer, in our opinion. Or as an alternative, check out Reedsy Learning’s Facebook Ads for Authors course - which is free. (Disclosure: if you end up registering for any of Mark's courses, Reedsy may receive a small affiliate payment.)If you have any questions or thoughts on using Facebook ads to market your book, drop us a message in the comments below.

Organization of Security Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Organization of Security Plan - Essay Example While the aims of such activities are normally driven by the need to access information enough to compromise the market plans for a business organization, it is fatal in the case of security-related organizations such as the department of Homeland security. In this paper, the aim is to prepare a security plan providing security awareness policy for the Department of Homeland Security. The Department of Homeland security (DHS) is tasked with ensuring that the United States and its citizens are protected against countless threats faced each day. With a workforce of over 240,000 staff, the department’s role is not limited to terrorism. Rather, any activity that seems to jeopardize the security of the American people is detected and subsequently dealt with extensively before it occurs. Cyber-security is on top of the department’s list where cases of hacking are mitigated and culprits arrested where possible. Thus, cyber-attacks are very common to the DHS, and it recently stated that this was one of the major threats the US faces (Kahan, 2014). Though sometimes, mere criminals orchestrate these cases, there is no telling at whose behest they commit such crimes. In addition to cyber-attacks, the DHS faces the issue of terrorism where terror groups would like to exploit any lapses on the department’s part. Since the department plays an integral role in detecting and averting any acts of terrorism directed at the US, this terrorism threat is indeed a real one. The vulnerabilities include the hacking of its own websites by hackers in a bid to access the highly classified materials. Further to this, the vulnerabilities the department faces are the compromise of information by its staff. While such cases might not be common, a vulnerability cannot adequately be mitigated. The non-disclosure contracts signed do not necessarily guarantee that the information pertaining to the operations happening in the department will remain secretive. In order to ensure

The Impact of CCTV Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Impact of CCTV - Essay Example According to Home Office (2004), the U.K. has an estimated 402 million CCTV cameras, which translates to one camera for every 14 people. In London, for example, one is likely to be caught on camera for at least 300 times a day. The United States is not left behind as most cities and towns have increased the number of CCTV cameras in the recent past to assist in deterring crime and beef up security. Despite the good intention, studies have shown that it is very expensive to install and operate a CCTV camera. The cost has been cited as one of the major impediments of CCTV cameras since, despite their high cost, the benefits are very little. Apart from the set up cost involved in CCTV installation, the system also incurs ongoing operating costs, which makes it expensive to install and operate. Furthermore, the operation of CCTV requires employment of human resource that actively monitors the cameras 24 hours (Armitage 2002, p.8). Such additional costs make the installation of CCTV camer as very expensive and unviable based on the fact that the benefits are very little. A study conducted in the U.K. in 1990s showed that the Home Office wasted millions of Euros in installing CCTV cameras in major towns and cities to assist in improving security (Home Office 2004). Precisely a whopping 78% of the Home Office crime prevention budget was directed towards CCTV installation, according to Home Office (2004). In Stockholm city alone, 55 million Euros were invested in CCTV installation to beef up the security of the city. Despite such huge investment in CCTV installation, findings showed that the crime rate in the city did not change much since some crimes were still being committed in the full view of cameras. This raised many questions as to why the government had to... The researcher states that 911 events prompted the U.S. government to beef up security in the country through the formation of the Department of Homeland Security. At the same time, American citizens also became more vigilant in a bid to ensure that their security is not compromised in any way. This has seen the number of video surveillance cameras in many towns and cities. Armitage indicates that many American cities and towns installed CCTV cameras as a mean of beefing up security and preventing crime. Basically, a CCTV camera can be installed in a business premise, home compound, street, where the cameras collects videos of all activities taking place, which is then directed to a Digital Video Recorder for viewing, and storage for future reference. In so doing, CCTV enables controlled areas to be put on surveillance remotely. The fact that the CCTV cameras are able to capture events in areas is of great importance to law enforcement and regulatory agencies since it makes it possib le for them to respond quickly to an episode once alerted. The analysis, that was conducted by the researcher showed that even though CCTV is effective in crime prevention in some areas such as in vehicle-related crimes, it is not worth investing in. This is because it is expensive in terms of cost, has poor picture clarity, and interferes with the privacy of citizens. As a result, the researcher suggests that government should consider investing the amount allocated for CCTV project for other more effective ways of reducing crime.

SOP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

SOP - Essay Example I worked in the Jeddah office for a little over a year in the sales department. There, my core job was to help the customers get the best health insurance for them and their families. After my stint with the Insurance Company, I joined Samba Financial Group, where I worked in the customer service department for two years. This job required me to provide satisfactory explanation to many questions posed by customers about all the products and services we offer. The experience I gained by working for these organizations made me realize that I love helping people, and created a strong inclination in me towards finding self-fulfillment in helping others. All my life I have been encountering injustice in the treatment of people with disabilities in my country, that’s precisely why I want to work in the public sector and run programs to raise awareness for people with special needs in order for me to contribute to society. Society has given me so much and it is just about time for me to give something back to the society. After working those five years in different jobs I found myself developing and helping others gain the most value from the products and services I sold them, and I changed my mind about what had been built in it from the Saudi society that all women are not aim to work and give. In Saudi Arabia we have to wait for marriage and live under the wings of a man and cannot be independent, which made me careless when I was in college and didn’t care about my grades. In June 2010 I shifted my base to the United States and am presently pursuing proficient level English courses at EC Boston. Since the time I have come to the US I have noticed that people with disability are independent and living as there is nothing can stop them from enjoying their life and I find this amazing, I have learned a lot from such people. They are the epitome of courage and dedication, And that is totally different from how it is in Saudi Arabia, which

Models Of Organisational Culture Management Essay

Models Of Organisational Culture Management Essay The research will present literature of various models of organisational culture. The research will concentrate on models of organisational culture by Schein, Hofstede, Denison and competing value framework models. This model will be presented to give a framework for organisational culture. The models of organisational culture are very important to the study as they explore the various perspectives of authors and how they are applied in organisational setting. The study will focus on the Denison model of organisational culture. 2.2.1 Schein (1992) discusses the levels of culture namely; artefact, espoused value, basic underlying assumption. 2.2.2 Artefacts Artefacts deal with organisational attribute that can be perceived, felt and heard as new members join the organisation, they are difficult to measure. According to Du Toit (2002), artefacts are visible, obvious expressions of culture. They are the tangible and audible demonstration of behaviour supported by organisational norms, values and assumptions. They range from aspects such as architecture, office design, language, rituals and celebrations. 2.2.3 Espoused Values This level deals with espoused goals, norms, standard, morals and principle, and it is measureable. It is the value from the foundation as to what is acceptable and what is not acceptable. They represent what is considered as right and wrong and forms an ethical code of the organisation. Norms relate to value that indicate the expectancy amongst members in the organisation. Norms offers the organisation with unwritten rules that shows the expectations in terms of actions appropriate to certain situation. Norms and values support the artefact of a culture (Du Toit, 2002). 2.2.4 Basic Underlying Assumption This level is the basis of the culture of an organisation. Basic assumptions are unconscious and are often taken for granted, but they are often how employees feel in an organisation. The basic assumptions are often taken for granted to the degree that there is little variation within culture unit. They serve as a guiding behaviour that tell people how to think, feel and perceive work, performance goals relationships and performance of co-workers. (Du Toit, 2002) Figure 1 Scheins Model of organisational Culture Source: Schein, E.H. organisational culture and leadership, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, 1992, figure 9. 2.3 Hofstedes Model of organisational Culture Hofstedes four levels of culture are symbols, heroes, rituals, and values. This cultural model was for the relationship between organisational culture and local cultures. . 2.3.1 Symbols Symbols is the first level of this cultural model. Symbols convey a specific meaning within a culture, (Davidson, 2004). According to Denison (1990), symbols are the most obvious elements of culture, presenting the gestures, objects or words, which are acknowledged by those who belong to the same organisational culture. 2.3.2 Heroes Heroes according to Davidson (2004) are people who are recognised to have characteristics that are highly valued and most times are winners in the organisation. They function as models of behaviour within the organisation (Hofstede, 1985). 2.3.3 Rituals Rituals represent a number of activities in the culture that are extra but are considered socially vital. According to Hofstede (1985), symbols, heroes and rituals can be termed as practices, because they can be seen and observe. 2.3.4 Values According to Hofstede, the essential aspect of culture is formed by values, which are broad propensities to have a preference of certain state to others which are the deepest level of culture (Denison, 1990). Figure 2 Hofstede organisational culture model Source Adapted from Davidson (2004, p.47) 2.4 Competing Value Framework Model The competing value framework consists of two dimensions which have been encompassed into four groups. The first dimension is allied to organisational focus, from an internal emphasis on the well-being and development of individuals in the organisation and to an external emphasis on the well-being and development of the organisation itself. The second dimension distinguishes organisational preference for structure and signifies the difference between stability, control, flexibility and change. The two dimensions form the four quadrants of the model (Cameron and Quinn, 2006). 2.4.1 Clan Model The clan model in the upper left quadrant places a great importance on the flexibility and internal focus, and stresses on cohesion, moral and human resource development as standard for effectiveness. This model focuses on friendly working environment, like one big family where individuals have a lot in common and share things among themselves. Leaders are seen as mentor, and they represent a parental symbol. What keeps the organisation together is loyalty, custom and teamwork. The organisation focuses on long-run remunerations of individuals development with a sense of high unity and morale being important, whilst commitment becomes very high (Cameron Ettington, 1988). Accordingly, Cameron and Quinn (1991) argued that clannish organisations place importance on attachment, affiliation and membership support. The definition of achievement at this level is in terms of thoughtfulness to clients and concern for people, exceptional focus is on teamwork, involvement and harmony in the org anisation (Cameron Quinn, 2006). 2.4.2 Adhocracy model The Adhocracy model is located in the upper right quadrant emphasising on flexibility and external focus, and highlight on readiness, growth, resource, acquisition and external support. The organisation is measured as a vigorous, enterprising, and resourceful workplace, where employees stick their necks out to take risks for the organisation. Leaders are ambitious, productive and risk-oriented. The organisation is held together by commitment to experiment and invention. The focus is being at the foremost edge of work knowledge, products and other services. Willingness for change and meeting new challenges are significant. The organisations long- run emphasis is on fast growth and obtaining new resources. Denison and Spreitzer (1991) argued that, the resources are predicted to cultivate innovation and cutting-edge output. Behaviours come from members creativity, self-determination and adaptability (Cameron and Quinn, 2006). 2.4.3 Market model This model is located in the lower right quadrant with emphasis on control. It has internal focus, and stresses on the role of information management, communication, stability and control. The most important attention is for work to done. Leaders become motivating creators, directors, and contestants. Leaders are tough and demanding. The bond that holds the organisation together is on importance on winning. The long-run concern is on competitive movements and achieving strategic goals and targets. The style of the organisation is striving on competiveness (Cameron and Quinn, 2006). 2.4.4 Hierarchy model Hierarchy model is in the lower left quadrant. This model emphasises on control. It has external focus, and views planning, goal setting, productivity and efficiency as effective. It is branded as a formal and organized place to work. Measures and well define practice govern what people do. Leaders in the organisation are good coordinators, planners, and efficient experts. The long-run of the organisation are constancy, expectedness and efficiency. Official guidelines and policies hold the organisation together (Cameron Quinn 2006). Behaviours that affect these values consist of conformity and predictability. Denison and Spreitzer (1991) argued that these values, in turn, promote efficiency, timeliness, and smooth functioning. Figure 3 Competing Value Framework Source from Cameron and Quinn (1999) 2.5 The Denison Organisational Culture Model. Denison (1990) established four basic views of organisational culture traits namely; mission, consistency, involvement and adaptability 2.5.1Mission Denison (1990) postulates that, culture that offers a shared definition of the role and purpose of the organisation is not only positively linked with putting in their efforts in the interests of the organisation, but also helps in finding the direction and goals which makes it easier to select appropriate course of action for the organisation. A sense of mission permits an organisation to shape present behaviours by predicting a desired future state. Being able to adopt and recognise with an organisations mission contributes both short and long-term commitment to the organisation. Organisations that have low mission scores usually have top executives who concentrate on controlling their organisation, second-guess their direct report and make thorough decisions about products, people and resources. Also, organisation with low mission scores respond to competitors who have redefined the rules, goals and not very understanding to many employees and the long term drive of the organisation is not very motivating. The mission model has three divisions; 2.5.1a. Strategic Direction and Intent A clear strategy intention communicates the organisations purpose and has a clear indication on how everyone in organisation can contribute and make an impact in the organisation (Denison et al., 2006). This affirms the argument by (Baker., 2002) that strategic planning and identification are very important for maintaining organisational culture (Baker., 2002). 2.5.1b Goals and Objectives According to Denison et al (2006), a clear set goals and objective can be associated to the mission, vision and strategy and this give a clear direction to employees in an organisation. To be able to function effectively an organisation should be able to plan future course of action and also have a well-defined understanding of where they are going and the strategy to get there. 2.5.1cVision Denison et al (2006) posit that, the organisation has a shared view of preferred future and it stands for core values and apprehends the heart and minds of the members of the organisation, whiles giving guiding principle and direction. Mobley et al (2005) discovered from a study when assessing a global office furniture firm that, high score on vision may be indicative to people in the organisation having a clear idea as to the vision of the organisation. Denison and Fey (2006) argued that mission is the most significant cultural characteristics for the organisations concentrating on sales growth. 2.5.2 Consistency Denison (1990) suggests that, a reliable procedure for exchanging information is communication because it brings about an agreement on the meaning of words, actions and other symbols and further argued that organisational members will enhance their internal co-ordination and stimulate meaning and a sense of identification when they have a common perspective, shared beliefs and communal values. Organisations are effective when they are consistent and well incorporated (Safflord, 1998). To back this view, Denison, 2006; Gordon and Ditomaso,1992; Schein, 1992; argued that, behaviour is rooted in the set of core value, that leaders and followers are capable in agreeing and including various points of view and that the organisations activities are well coordinated and integrates. A consistent organisation cultivates an idea and produce organisational systems that build an essential system of authority based on consensual support. 2.5.2a Core Value Members of organisations often share a set of values which generates a sense of identity and a clear set of expectation. A research in Russia, conducted by Denison and Fey (2006) indicated that employees viewed core values to be important. The response of employees showed that the main purpose of the firm is to uphold the integrity of the current authority structure. 2.5.2b Agreement When members of organisations are able to reach agreement on critical issues, there is an agreement. This involves the fundamental level of agreement and the capacity to settle the differences as they happen (Denison et al., 2006). A study conducted on the effect of organisational practices on individual attitudes and behaviour by Fisher and Alford (2000) discovered that it is important to establish if agreement within the organisation is about the main organisational practices. Agreement will build up the impact of organisational practices of individual work behaviour. Disagreement on the other hand will weaken the connection between organisational practices and work attitude and behaviour. 2.5.2c Co-ordination and Integration Different departments of organisation are able to work together to accomplish a common goal whiles organisational boundaries do not affect getting the work done (Denison et al., 2006). The Wyandotte city council did a research to determine ways to decrease operational cost and to enhance customer service. The Denison culture survey was administered and the outcome was low consistency scores which point out that the city council should enhance integration and co-ordination in order to increase operational effectiveness, (Buno and Bowditch, 1998). Organisations that have low consistency score most of the times have customers who get unsatisfied for the reason that no one seems to be able to speak for the whole organisation. According to Rondeau and Wagner (1999), strong consistency cultures which highlight adherence to formal roles, rules and regulation and traditions, were discovered to be usually less likely to use systematic approaches when reacting to change. 2.5.3 Involvement Involvement incorporates the significance that the organisation places on building the capabilities of its professional and administrative employees. The value that the organisation has on team orientation against individual accomplishment and the feeling of ownership is created by the high level involvement. According to Denison, Jonovics Young and Cho (2006), employees are committed to their work when they feel a strong sense of ownership. They indicated that, people at all levels believe that they have some contribution into decisions that will affect their work and will make them believe that their work is directly connected to the organisational goals. The involvement view on organisational culture postulates that, the role of organisational effectiveness is the level of involvement of organisations members participation. A sense of ownership and responsibility is created by a high level of involvement and participation. This ownership produces a high level of commitment to the organisation and an increasing ability to operate under circumstances of ambiguity. The outcome is an increase in the level of employee commitment to the organisation which tends to reduce the needs for formal systems of control in organisation and leading to performance improvement (Denison, 1990). Organisation with a high level of involvement depends on informal, voluntary and implicit control system instead of formal, explicit, bureaucratic control systems. On the other hand, organisation with low involvement generally shows an organisation whose employees are detached from their work, ignorant of its importance and its link to the rest of the organisation, reluctant to accept greater responsibility and are tentative about working with people who are not from their immediate circle (Denison et al., 2006) The involvement part of the Denison model has three divisions. 2.5.3a Empowerment According to Denison et al (2006), people have the authority, initiative and aptitude to manage their own work. This produces a sense of ownership and responsibility to the organisation. Greastey, Bryman, Dairity, Prince, Soetanto and King (2005) did an investigation on how empowerment is perceived by employees in a construction firm and discovered that the strict regulations and rules under which construction workers operate, hinder their freedom to impact the work that they do. Additional discoveries suggest that the role of the employees direct supervisor has a strong impact on the diffusion of empowerment. To concur this view, findings of an investigation done by Benko (2001) perceived that if employees were not constrained by rules, regulation and limitations, they were able work more efficiently, promptly and effectively. 2.5.3b Team Orientation Denison et el (2006) postulate that, organisation depends on team effort to get work done as value is placed on working together towards a common goal for which every employee feel jointly responsible. Scott et al (2003) conducted a research on team orientation; they found out that, group association and teamwork have been linked with greater implementation of continuous quality development practice. 2.5.3c Capability Development According to Denison et al (2006), capability development of the organisation is the continuously investment in the development of employees skills to enable the organisation to stay competitive and meet on-going business demands. Managers and employees must learn how they can work well in a market economy, so an organisational culture that place importance on training and capability development of workers is very essential, (Puffer, 1992). Research point out those effective organisations empowers and engages their employees, build their organisation around teams and develop human skill at all levels (Block, 1991; Buckingham Coffman, 1999; Lawler, 1996; Spreitzer, 1995). Fey and Denison (2006) discovered that involvement is the most key dimension of organisational culture for organisation whose primary aim is employees satisfaction. To harmonise this view, research conducted examining organisational culture in a hospital setting found that strong involvement cultures were possible to increase employee participation, increase employee training and development expenditure, and increase use of self-managed work teams (Rondeau and Wagner, 1999). 2.5.4 Adaptability Denison and Mishra (1995) argue that organisation which has a strong adaptability generally experience sales and growth market share. Organisations which have low adaptability score generally have an internal focus and struggle to respond to competitors, customers and employees with new ideas. Low adaptability organisations operate on apathy and their past accomplishment may possibly create barriers for future success. Top managers in these organisations devote their time responding to results of standard operating procedures, controlling the organisation and managing short-term performance, instead of leading change or long-term thinking (Denison et al., 2006). 2.5.4a Creating Change Denison et al (2006) argued that, an organisation is able to create adaptive ways to meet changing needs. It is also able to read the business environment to react quickly to trends and predict future changes. A research conducted by Price (2003) in assessing organisational culture in a manufacturing firm, discovered that most employees showed that they were not rewarded or respected for discovering new and better ways of doing things, and they are not able to quickly adapt, change is met with opposition and the organisation is not taking the initiative. Areas that need improvement were identified in order for the organisation to adapt to the external environment. 2.5.4b Customer Focus Customer focus mirrors the extent to which the organisation is motivated by a concern to satisfy its customers. The organisation recognises and responds to their customers and predicts their future needs (Denison et al., 2006). Price (2003) when assessing the organisational culture of the manufacturing firm reached that most employees felt that they were meeting the needs and expectations of the customers. 2.5.4c. Organisational Learning The organisation obtains, interpret indicators from the environment into opportunities. The opportunities serve as a means to inspire innovation, gain knowledge and develop competences (Denison et al., 2006). Rondeau and Wagner (1999) from the study they conducted reported that strong adaptability cultures emphasis employees innovation, risk-taking, internal flexibility and entrepreneurialism. Also according to Doherty and Hardy (1996) adaptability to the environment is an essential element in ensuring innovative success. Figure 4: Denison organisational culture model Adapted from www.denisonconsulting.com 2.6 ORGANISATIONAL COMMIMENT The idea of organisational commitment has increase in the literature on industrial and organisational psychology (Cohen, 2003). The theory of organisational commitment is a concept different from other concepts such as job satisfaction, job involvement, career salience, occupational commitment, turnover intentions and work group attachment (Cohen, 1993; Mathieu Farr, 1991; Meyer et al.,1993; Morrow McElroy, 1986; Mueller et al; 1992). Apart from being a different concept, organisational commitment adds exclusively to the forecast of important outcome variables such as performance, turnover and withdrawal behaviours (Mathieu and Zajac, 1990; Meyer et al, 1993; Tett and Meyer, 1993). Research has emphasised that commitment has a great impact on the successful performance of an organisation. A highly committed employee in an organisation will identify with the goals, objectives and values of the organisation and will have a strong desire of being associated with the organisation. 2.6.1 Definition of organisational commitment. The concept of organisational commitment was defined by Mowday et al (1982, p.27) as, the relative strength of an individuals identification with and involvement in a particular organisation. OReilly and Chatman (1986, p.493), defined organisational commitment as the psychological attachment felt by the person for the organisation; it will reflect the degree to which the individual internalises or adopts characteristics or perspective of the organisation. Organisational commitment has been defined as a psychological state that binds the individuals to the organisation (Allen and Meyers, 1990, p.14). Mathieu and Zajac, (1990, p.171) also defines organisational commitment as a bond or link between the individual and the organisation. However, Steers (1977) defined organisational commitment as a comparative strength of an employees identification and participation with an organisation. According to Mowday, (1992), commitment consists of three components, it is identification with the goals and values of the organisation, a desire to belong to the organisation and willingness to display effort on organisations behalf. Researchers suggest that commitment impacts behaviour independently of other motives or attitudes and, might lead to the persistence in a course of action even in the face of conflicting motives or attitudes. Thus, commitment can lead individuals to behave in a way that, from the perspective of neutral observers, might seem in contrast to their own self-interest, e.g. a temporary employee who is productive despite having no job security (Meyer and Herscovitch, 2001, p. 301). For the purpose of this research, the definition and components given by Allen and Meyer (1990) will be used. 2.6.2 Models of organisational commitment The research will present literature of various models of organisational commitment. The research will concentrate on the Morrows model, OReilly Chatmans model, Etzionis model, and Allen and Meyer model. These models will be presented to give a framework for organisational culture. The models of organisational commitment are very important to the study as they explore the various perspectives of authors and how they are applied in organisational setting. The study will focus on the Allen and Meyers model of organisational commitment. 2.6.3 OReilly and Chatmans model of commitment The model of commitment by OReilly and Chatman according to Herscovitch and Meyer (2001), was based on the theory that commitment signifies a frame of mind towards an organisation, and that there are different ways through which attitude can be cultivated. OReilly and Chatman (1986) argued that commitment takes three different forms, established on Kelmans work on attitude and behaviour change. The three commitment forms are as follows: Compliance Commitment, which is the instrumental involvement for specific extrinsic rewards. Identification commitment, which involves attachment based on a desired for affiliation with the organisation Internalisation commitment which involves envisaged on congruence between the individual and the organisational values. 2.6.4 Morrows model of commitment Morrow (1983) gives five different forms of organisational commitment. The forms of commitment are divided into two broad categories. The first category looks at commitment that impact work attitude with no association to organisation where one is working. These are Protestant work ethic (Mirels and Garret, 1971), Career commitment (Greenhaus, 1971) and Job commitment. The second category looks at commitment that are impacted by the organisation where one is working, these are continuance and affective organisational commitment (Allen and Meyers, 1993) 2.6.4a Protestant Work ETHIC (PWE) Protestant work ethic (PWE) according to Aaron Cohen (1999), determining factor are felt to be a principally a function of personality and secondarily a function of culture (Morrow, 1983). The character connection is based on the observation that ethical authorization with stable personality and demographic traits. Power work ethical is related to work experience variables or to work outcomes (Morrow, 1983). 2.6.4b Job Commitment Job commitment according to Aaron Cohen is a function of personality or individual difference and the work situation (Morrow, 1993). Thus demographic and work experiences are expected to relate to job involvement (Blau and Boal, 1989). 2.6.4c Career Commitment Blau(1985) suggest that the principal determinants in career commitment are; individual differences and situational characteristics. Therefore, for the demography variables, the same pattern of relationship is expected for career commitment with the job involvement. 2.6.4d Affective Commitment Affective organisational commitment was discovered to be related to a wide variety of literatures. Affective commitment is related to both demographic characteristics and work experience. (Mowday, Porter and Steers, 1982; Morrow, 1993) 2.6.4e Continuance Commitment Continuance commitment, which reflects the recognition of costs associated with leaving the organisation, should be related to anything that increases perceived costs. Direct or indirect investments in the organisation, side bets, represents such costs bets, represents such cost best, and were operationalized mainly by variables like age, education and tenure (Becker, 1960). Morrow (1983) posits that career commitment is linked to continuance and affective commitment to the organisation. Also continuance commitment to the organisation relates to affective commitment, both of these commitment influence job involvement. Morrow further argued that there is a reciprocal between the different levels of commitment. 2.6.5 Etzionis model of commitment The Etzionis model of commitment has three different forms, namely Moral commitment, Calculative commitment and Alternative commitment. 2.6.5a Moral Commitment Moral commitment is classified Etinios (1961) originate from a symbolic compliance structure which can epitomise one of the two affective commitment. Moral commitment is categorised by positive affective attachment and internalisation of organisational goals and values based on an agreement structure that stresses on material or symbolic reward, shared norms and personal dedication (Etzionis 1975; Penley and Gould, 1988) cited in Hornung (2010). Moral commitment is categorised by its identification with organisational goals (Patchen, 1970). Hall (1970) argued that moral commitment can be seen as a kind of organisational identification. To concur this, Wiener (1982) argued by presenting moral commitment as a form of affective organisational attachment commitment. He aligned it with the commitment work of Porter and his colleagues (Porter, Steers, Mowday Boulian, 1974; Steers 1977). Therefore, arguments such as Hall (1970), and Porter (1974) are presently intented to operationalize af fective scopes of commitment, similar to Etzionis (1961) moral involvement. 2.6.5b Calculative commitment The calculative commitment is established on employee getting incentives to their match contributions. According to Etzioni (1996), this type of attachment to the organisation as typical agreement systems based on exchange. It is theoretically embedded in the theory of Barnard (1938) and the theory of March and Simon (1958). Calculative commitment needs not to be decreased to willingness to keep organisational members. It may be seen in a wider terms of contributory attachment. The traditional perception of calculative commitment retention of organisational members may be more closely linked to the affective form of organisational commitment. 2.6.5b Alienative commitment The alienative commitment is characterised by a negative form of attachment in light of being forced to a course of action by environmental pressure, experienced loss of control and lack of alternative (Hornung, 2010). According to Etzioni (1975), alienative commitment is emblematic of a prison which a force compliance system is prevalent. Alienative commitment can be regarded as a foundation for organisational commitment if one thinks of organisational members commitment to the organisation as a result of lack of control over the internal organisational environment and recognised absence of substitutes for organisational commitment (Etzioni, 1961) The word alienation was acquired from Karl Max who gave alienation its classic meaning, a lack of control. To the alienative committed employee, rewards and punishment may be seen accidental instead of lack of alternatives for organisational commitment (Etzioni, 1961). The worker may see the random 2.6.6 Allen and Meyers model of commitment However, Allen and Meyer (1991) also give three forms of organisational commitment has made the biggest contribution to organisational commitment literature. Their three models will be chosen because it has gone through a wide empirical evaluation to date. Allen and Meyers argued the belief that commitment binds people to an organisation, thus decrease the probability of turnover. The main alteration is in the mind-sets assumed to categorise the commitment. These reproduced the three different types of commitment: 2.6.6a Affective Commitment Affective Commitment is the employee emotional attachment and identification to the organisation. Affective commitment is also the individuals emotional connection to, acknowledgment with and partaking in the organisation, (Allen and Meyer, 1997). Employees who are affectively committed to the organisation will possibly continue working for it for the reason that they want to (Allen and Meyer, 1991). Employees who are dedicated at an emotional l